image and spatial schema

'mental representations' is somewhat vage, Gold use two more specific notions- image and spatial schemata represent.

image意象-a synonym同義字 for an individual's organized subjective knowledge of the environment. in Gold's book define as the mental picture that may be called to mind when the object, person, place, or area is not part of current sensory information.

schema圖式- viewed as the basic frameworks within which past and present environmental experiences are organized. difne as the cognitive structure or coding system the allows the individual to respond appropriately to a shifting pattern of environmental stimuli.
spatial schemata as the frameworks within which people organize their knowledge of the spatial environment, containing the residual殘留的 of past experience and accommodating考慮到 current sensory inforation. may divide two cateories: locational knowledge and attributive knowledge.

overhauled大修

image and spatial schema are closely related but may distinguished in tow ways. fisrt, image associate 'imagination' ,relate place seldom or never visited or area are too large to conceive of in anything orther than broad outline. schema are associateed with evreyday environment. second, the question of attention. image require concentrated attention, schema almost subconsciously.

simultaneously同時地