ch4 information and decision filter

information filter
cognitive processes,personality variables, and socio-cultural factors affect the flow of information. routine nature (stage1)or decision necessary(stage 2).

four decision type:1. give up without reaching a decision, 2.lack sufficient information and will search more, 3.decide to take no action, 4.reach a decision and undertake a course of action.

four characteristics of human information-processing:1 stimulus and cognitive representations are different, cognitive representation is an entirely new product created in the brain. 2.the limited information-handling capacities of the brain, so extreme slectivity is exercised. 3. that perception is motivated and goal direction. 4.perception can proceed beyhond the informaion given.

spatial information comes from two sources, direct sensory experience (primary sources) and communicated to the individual by other people or by the mass media(secondary sources).

perception is dominantly visual; seeing is closely linked to believing.

communication takes two forms: interpersonal communication, and mass communication. both are not nutually exclusive. communication modle fig4.3c (multi-step flow model)

klapper(1960)describe three 'self-protective' measures defend themselves from 'unsympathetic content'. 1. selective exposure 2.selective perception 3. selective retention

the only area where mass media is likely to be instrumental in molding spatial schemata will be with regard to what Goody(1971) termed 'far place'. zone that the individual has never visited and about which his knowledge is either patchy or non-existent. it is the basis of the highly stereotyped images of sapce.

image and spatial schema

'mental representations' is somewhat vage, Gold use two more specific notions- image and spatial schemata represent.

image意象-a synonym同義字 for an individual's organized subjective knowledge of the environment. in Gold's book define as the mental picture that may be called to mind when the object, person, place, or area is not part of current sensory information.

schema圖式- viewed as the basic frameworks within which past and present environmental experiences are organized. difne as the cognitive structure or coding system the allows the individual to respond appropriately to a shifting pattern of environmental stimuli.
spatial schemata as the frameworks within which people organize their knowledge of the spatial environment, containing the residual殘留的 of past experience and accommodating考慮到 current sensory inforation. may divide two cateories: locational knowledge and attributive knowledge.

overhauled大修

image and spatial schema are closely related but may distinguished in tow ways. fisrt, image associate 'imagination' ,relate place seldom or never visited or area are too large to conceive of in anything orther than broad outline. schema are associateed with evreyday environment. second, the question of attention. image require concentrated attention, schema almost subconsciously.

simultaneously同時地

ch3 the current situation p37-43

since 1960s behavioural geography has expanded rapidly.

merit價值
implied暗指;暗示;意味著
Zeitgeist時代精神
strand串
culled挑出,選出;揀選
plethora過多
merited理所當然的
obscurity暗淡;朦朧

ch3 the early development of behavioural geography p34-37

Carl Sauer one of the first geographer to express the view that diferencec in past occupancy of the land could be expained in terms of social and cultural differences.

J. K. Wright 1946 A.A.A.G. pesidential address about "terrae incognitae" study.it to be found in the minds of men; private worlds specific to particular individuals, but which would have features shared by others in the same social, cultural, or occupational groups."geosophy" geographical knowledge from any or all points of view.

Wiliam Kirk(1952, 1963) introduce Gestalt theory -"behaviour environment" into a geographical context.
the social adn physical 'fact' of the objective environment only become part of the behavioural environment when they have penetrated a highly sensitive filter of cultural values. these value vary temporally and spatially.

Gilbert White natural hazards research.
shed擺脫,去除
overtone言外之意

Gold ch3 environmentalism環境論

relationship of man and his geographical environment(usully the physical environment)

5th century B.C. Hippocrates "on airs, waters, and places" strong link between bodily deseases and the climatic attributes of places.
ancient Greek idea about climate and human culture
16th to 18th centuries climate and human history
19th environmentalism
Friedrich Ratzel 1882,1891 對人生地理學(人文地理)系統研究提出指導路線,受到達爾文進化論的影響(on the origin of species,1959) 對達爾文思想有特別的興趣並將達爾文的生物概念運用到人類社會中人類如動植物一般要再一定的環境中進行生存競爭.稱為社會達爾文主義,1882的人類地理學(Anthropogeographie)第一卷是探討自然特徵對歷史發展的影響 1891第二卷則是研究與自然現象有關的人類社會 集中注意於人類本身(James and Martin 1981李旭旦 譯210-215)

Ratzel 對人與環境的想法 引發出不同的路線之爭 一是由其美國學生Ellen Churchill Semple (1911)所推廣的環境決定論

geographical determinism在1925年達到頂盛, 對決定論的批評criticism開始增加,起源為French schoo of possibilism. Vidal de la Blache(1926)

possibilism and determinism debate about man and environmnet until after World War II
environmental probabilism(Spate,1953),pragmatism實用主義
neo-environmentism has present in the spatial scientific approach in 1950s ,locational theory
economic man 的假設受到挑剔認為決策者的訊息與理性都是有限的 (Simon 1957)
Wolpert1964 challenge spatial analytical theory(satisficing or optimizing). Satisficing is a decision-making strategy which attempts to meet criteria for adequacy, rather than to identify an optimal solution

endeavor努力,
patchy拼湊成的
inconclusive不確定的
coherent一致的,協調的
doctrine主義,信條

treatise論文;專著

allotted指定的
asserting斷言,聲稱
unprecedented無先例的,空前的
kindred同類的;同性質的
intellectual智力的
capricious善變的
swayed搖動,使搖擺
stipulated規定;約定
causation因果關係

prevailing佔優勢的;主要的
moulding製模;鑄造

flaws缺點;瑕疵
pains千辛萬苦
commented註釋,評註

premiss前提
ethnic種族(上)的;
stocks家系,血統
sketchy概略的;不完全的
overtone言外之意
crude未經加工的
mechanistic機械作用的
entrenched根深蒂固的
espouse擁護,支持

retained保留,保持
vigour體力;精力;活力
persist堅持;固執
zenith最高點;頂點
countervailing對抗性的
active agent能動者
inert無自動力的
permissive寬容的
forum公開討論的場所
invariably不變地
generous慷慨的,大方的
feasible可行的;可實行的
project計劃;企劃

diametric不相容的
causal原因的;因果的
demise終止
exponential指數的

pragmatism實用主義
derogatory貶低的
unsound謬誤的
bogeyman鬼怪
crudeness粗陋;粗糙
omniscient全知的
nagging嘮叨的;挑剔的
temptation引誘,誘惑
reification具體化
bounded有界限的

aversion厭惡,反感
devising設計;發明
toning down降低；使柔和；緩和
idiosyncrasies氣質,習性
inconsistencies易變,反覆無常

cataloguing目錄
sentiment感情,心情
disenchantment醒悟,覺醒
instrumental有幫助的
albeit儘管,雖然
crystallized裹有糖霜的
assiduous勤勉的
retrospect追溯
ingenious足智多謀的
genuinely真誠地;誠實地

striving努力,奮鬥
moulded(mold)塑造
spur刺激,激勵
endeavour努力,力圖
conjure召喚
unified使成一體
retrospect追溯
geosophy
seminal有發展性的